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Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men across the UK. For decades, the standard method for diagnosis was a systematic “blind” biopsy guided by basic ultrasound. This method involves taking samples from pre-determined areas of the prostate, which…
Prostate cancer remains the most common cancer in men across the UK, with approximately 52,000 new cases diagnosed annually. For decades, the primary tool for early detection has been the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test. While the PSA test has…
An elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) level is a starting point, not a diagnosis. Because PSA can rise due to benign conditions like an enlarged prostate (BPH) or inflammation (prostatitis), clinical guidelines emphasise a multi-step approach to determine if imaging or…
A raised Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) level can be alarming, but it is not a specific test for cancer. PSA is a protein produced by both normal and cancerous prostate cells. Because it is highly sensitive but relatively nonspecific, many non-cancerous…
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. Its primary biological role is to liquefy semen, optimising sperm motility and morphology. While it is normal for small amounts of PSA to circulate in…
Testicular cancer is a condition where malignant cells develop in the tissues of one or both testicles. These oval-shaped organs, housed within the scrotum, are responsible for producing sperm and the primary male sex hormone, testosterone. While it is relatively…
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located near the middle of your back, just below the ribs. Their primary role is to act as the body’s sophisticated filtration system, processing waste products from the blood and converting them into urine.…
The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ located in the lower abdomen, responsible for the storage of urine. Bladder cancer occurs when the cells lining this organ begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. Most cases originate in the urothelial…
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the UK, with approximately 52,000 new cases diagnosed every year. The prostate is a small gland, roughly the size of a satsuma, located at the base of the bladder. Its…
Interstitial Cystitis (IC), increasingly referred to as Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS), is a chronic, often debilitating condition characterised by recurring pain or discomfort in the bladder and the surrounding pelvic region. Unlike a standard urinary tract infection (UTI), BPS is…
Prostatitis is a term used to describe a set of symptoms caused by the inflammation or infection of the prostate gland. Located just below the bladder, the prostate is a small gland that plays a vital role in male reproductive…
Urinary incontinence is defined as the unintentional passing of urine. It is a remarkably common condition, thought to affect millions of individuals across the UK. While often associated with the ageing process, it is not an inevitable consequence of getting…